Periods of British Literature:450-1066: Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period
1066-1500: Middle English Period
1500-1660: The Renaissance
1558-1603: Elizabethan Age
1603-1625: Jacobean Age
1625-1649: Caroline Age
1649-1660: Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum)
1660-1785: The Neoclassical Period
1660-1700: The Restoration
1700-1745: The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope)
1745-1785: The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson)
1785-1830: The Romantic Period
1832-1901: The Victor ian Period
1848-1860: The Pre-Raphaelites
1880-1901: Aestheticism and Decadence
1901-1914: The Edwardian Period
1910-1936: The Georgian Period
1914-1945: The Modern Period
1945-present: Postmodern Period
The Old English Period or the Anglo-Saxon Period refers to the literature produced from the invasion
of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in
1066 by William the Conqueror.
During the Old English Period, written literature began to develop from oral tradition, and in the eighth
century poetry written in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon (also known as Old English) appeared. One of the
most well-known eighth century Old English pieces of literature is Beowulf, a great Germanic epic
poem. Two poets of the Old English Period who wrote on biblical and religious themes were Caedmon
and C ynewulf.
The Middle English Period consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between
the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard literary language, derived from the
dialect of the London area, became recognizable as "modern English."
Prior to the second half of the fourteenth century, vernacular literature consisted primarily of religious
writings. The second half of the fourteenth century produced the first great age of secular literature. The
most widely known of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir
Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur.
While the English Renaissnace began with the ascent of the House of Tudor to the English throne in
1485, the English Literary Renaissance began with English humanists such as Sir Thomas More and
Sir Thomas Wyatt.
In addition, the English Literary Renaissance consists of four subsets: The Elizabethan Age, the
Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Comm onwealth Period (which is also known as the Puritan
Interregnum).
The Elizabethan Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Elizabeth I, 1558 - 1603. During
this time, medieval tradition was blended with Renaissance optimism. Lyr ic poetry, prose, and drama
were the major styles of literature that flowered during the Elizabethan Age. Some important writers of
the Elizabethan Age include William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter
Raleigh, and Ben Jonson.
The Jacobean Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of James I, 1603 - 1625. During this
time the literature became sophisticated, sombre, and conscious of social abuse and rivalry. The
Jacobean Age produced rich prose and drama as well as the King James translation of the Bible.
Shakespeare and Jonson wrote during the Jacobean Age, as well as John Donne, Francis Bacon, and
Thomas Middleton.
The Caroline Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Charles I, 1625 - 1649. The writers
of this age wrote with refinement and elegance. This era produced a circle of poets known as the
"Cavalier Poets" and the dramatists of this age were the last to write in the Elizabethan tradition.
The Commonwealth Period, also known as the Puritan Interregnum, of English Literature includes
the literature produced during the time of Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell. This period produced the
political writings of John Milton, Thomas Hobbes' political treatise Leviathan , and the prose of Andrew
Marvell. In September of 1642, the Puritans closed theatres on moral and religious grounds. For the next
eighteen years the theatres remained closed, accounting for the lack of drama produced during this time
period.
The Neoclassical Period of English literature (1660 - 1785) was much influenced by contemporary
French literature, which was in the midst of its greatest age. The literature of this time is known for its
use of philosophy, reason, skepticism, wit, and refinement. The Neoclassical Period also marks the first
great age of English literary criticism.
Much like the English Literary Renaissance, the Neoclassical Period can be divided into three
subsets: the Restoration, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Sensibility.
The Restoration, 1660 - 1700, is marked by the restoration of the monarchy and the triumph of reason
and tolerance over religious and political passion. The Restoration produced an abundance of prose and
poetry and the distinctive comedy of manners known as Restoration comedy. It was during the
Restoration that John Milton published Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Other major writers of
the era include John Dryden, John Wilmot 2 Ear l of Rochester , and John Locke.
nd
The English Augustan Age derives its name from the brilliant literary period of Vergil and Ovid under
the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - A.D. 14). In English literature, the Augustan Age, 1700 - 1745,
refers to literature with the predominant characteristics of refinement, clarity, elegance, and balance of
judgement. Well-known writers of the Augustan Age include Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and
Daniel Defoe. A significant contribution of this time period included the release of the first English
novels by Defoe, and the "novel of character," Pamela, by Samuel Richardson in 1740.
During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of Enlightenment and began to
emphasize instict and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint. A growing sympathy for the Middle
Ages during the Age of Sensibility sparked an interest in medieval ballads and folk literature. Another
name for this period is the Age of Johnson because the dominant authors of this period were Samuel
Johnson and his literary and intellectual circle. This period also produced some of the greatest early
novels of the English language, including Richardson's Clarissa (1748) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones
(1749).
The Romantic Period of English literature began in the late 18th century and lasted until approximately
1832. In general, Romantic literature can be characterized by its personal nature, its stong use of feeling,
its abundant use of symbolism, and its exploration of nature and the supernatural. In addition, the
writings of the Romantics were considered innovative based on their belief that literature should be
spontaneous, imaginative, personal, and free. The Romantic Period produced a wealth of authors
including Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, and Lord Byron.
It was during the Romantic Period that Gothic literature was born. Traits of Gothic literature are dark
and gloomy settings and characters and situations that are fantasic, grotesque, wild, savage, mysterious,
and often melodramatic. Two of the most famous Gothic novelists are Anne Radcliffe and Mary Shelley.
The Victorian Period of English literatur e began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in
1837, and lasted until her death in 1901. Because the Victorian Period of English literature spans over
six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." In
general, Victorian literature deals with the issues and problems of the day. Some contemporar y issues
that the Victorians dealt with include the social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and
problems surrounding the Industrial Revolution, growing class tensions, the early feminist movement,
pressures toward political and social reform, and the impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution on
philosophy and religion. Some of the most recognized authors of the Victorian era include Alfred Lord
Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, her husband Robert, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens,
Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy.
Within the Victorian Period, two other literary movements, that of The Pre-Raphaelites (1848-1860)
and the movement of Aestheticism and Decadence (1880-1900), gained prominence.
In 1848, a group of English artists, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, formed the "Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood." It was the aim of this group to return painting to a style of truthfulness, simplicity, and
religious devotion that had reigned prior to Raphael and the high Italian Renaissance. Rossetti and his
literary circle, which included his sister Christina, incorporated these ideals into their liter ature, and the
result was that of the literary Pre-Raphaelites.
The Aestheticism and Decadence movement of English literature grew out of the French movement of
the same name. The authors of this movement encouraged experimentation and held the view that art is
totally opposed "natural" norms of morality. This style of literature opposed the dominance of scientific
thinking and defied the hosility of society to any art that was not useful or did not teach moral values. It
was from the movement of Aestheticism and Decadence that the phrase art for art's sake emerged. A
well-known author of the English Aestheticism and Decadence movement is Oscar Wilde.
The Edwardian Period is named for King Edward VII and spans the time from Queen Victoria's death
(1901) to the beginning of World War I (1914). During this time, the British Empire was at its height and
the wealthy lived lives of materialistic luxury. However, four fifths of the English population lived in
squalor. The writings of the Edwardian Period reflect and comment on these social conditions. For
example, writers such as George Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells attacked social injustice and the
selfishness of the upper classes. Other writers of the time include William Butler Yeats, Joseph Conrad,
Rudyard Kipling, Henry James, and E.M. Forster.
The Georgian Period refers to the period of British Literature that is named for the reign of George V
(1910-36). Many writers of the Edwardian Period continued to write during the Georgian Period. This
era also produced a group of poets known as the Georgian poets. These writers, now regarded as minor
poets, were publihed in four anthologies entitled Georgian Poetry, published by Edward Marsh between
1912 and 1922. Georgian poetr y tends to focus on rural subject matter and is traditional in technique and
form.
The Modern Period applies to British literature written since the beginning of World War I in 1914. The
authors of the Modern Period have experimented with subject matter, form, and style and have
produced achievements in all literary genres. Poets of the period include Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan
Thomas, and Seamus Heaney. Novelists include James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and Virginia Woolf.
Dramatists include Noel Coward and Samuel Beckett.
Following World War II (1939-1945), the Postmodern Period of British Literature developed.
Postmodernism blends literary genres and styles and attempts to break free of modernist forms.
While the British literary scene at the turn of the new millenium is crowded and varied, the authors still
fall into the categories of modernism and postmodernism. However, with the passage of time the Modern
era may be reorganized and expanded.
Periods of American Literature:1607-1776: Colonial Period
1765-1790: The Revolutionar y Age
1775-1828: The Early National Period
1828-1865: The Romantic Period (Also known as: The American Renaissance or The Age of
Transcendentalism)
1865-1900: The Realistic Period
1900-1914: The Naturalistic Period
1914-1939: American Modernist Period
1920s: Jazz Age, Harlem Renaissance
1920s, 1930s: The "Lost Generation"
1939-present: The Contemporary Period
1950s: Beat Writers
1960s, 1970s: Counterculture
In addition, American Literature recognizes works of:
African-American Writers
Native American Writers
Asian-American Writers
The Colonial Period of American Literature spans the time between the founding of the first settlement
at Jamestown to the outbreak of the Revolution. The writings of this time centered on religious,
practical, or historical themes. The most influential writers of the Colonial Period include John
Winthrop, Cotton Mather, Benjamin Franklin, and Anne Bradstreet.
During the Revolutionary Age, 1765-1790, some of the greatest documents of American history were
authored. In 1776, Thomas Paine authored Common Sense and Thomas Jefferson wrote The Declaration
of Independence. In 1781, The Articles of Confederation were ratified. Between 1787 and 1788,
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote The Federalist Papers. Finally, in 1787, The
Constitution of the United States was drafted and in 1789 it was ratified.
The Early National Period of American Literature saw the beginnings of literature that could be truly
identified as "American". The writers of this new American literature wrote in the English style, but the
settings, themes, and characters were authentically American. In addition, poets of this time wrote poetry
that was relatively independent of English precursors. Three of the most recognized writers of this time
are Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and Edgar Allan Poe.
The period 1828-1865 in American Literature is commonly identified as the Romantic Period in
America, but may also be referred to as the American Renaissance or the Age of Transcendentalism.
The writers of this period produced works of originality and excellence that helped shape the ideas,
ideals, and literary aims of many American writers. Writers of the American Rom antic Period include
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthore,
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Emily Dickinson, and Walt Whitman.
Following the Civil War, American Literature entered into the Realistic Period. The major form of
literature produced in this era was realistic fiction. Unlike romantic fiction, realistic fiction aims to
represent life as it really is and make the reader believe that the characters actually might exist and the
situations might actually happen. In order to have this effect on the reader, realistic fiction focuses on the
ordinary and commonplace. The major writers of the Realistic Period include Mark Twain, Henry
James, Bret Harte, and Kate Chopin.
The years 1900-1914 mark American Literature's Naturalistic Period. Naturalism claims to give an
even more accurate depiction of life than realism. In accordance with a post- Darwinian thesis,
naturalistic writers hold that the characters of their works are merely higher-order animals whose
character and behavior is entirely based upon heredity and environment. Naturalistic writings try to
present subjects with scientific objectivity. These writings are often frank, crude, and tragic. Stephen
Crane, Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser are the most studied American Naturalists.
Between 1914 and 1939, American Literature entered into a phase which is still referred to as "The
Beginnings of Modern Literature". Like their British counterparts, the American Modernists
experimented with subject matter, form, and style and produced achievements in all literary genres.
Some well-known American Modernist Poets include Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Edna St.
Vincent Millay, and E.E. Cummings. Included among American Modernist Prose Writers are Edith
Wharton, Sinclair Lewis, and Willa Cather.
The American Modernist Period also produced many other writers that are consider ed to be writers of
Modernist Period Subclasses. For example, F. Scott Fitzgerald is considered a writer of The Jazz Age,
Langston Hughes and W.E.B. DuBois writers of The Harlem Renaissance, and Gertrude Stein, T.S.
Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway writers of The Lost Generation.
The Great Depression marked the end of the American Modernist Period, and writers such as William
Faulkner, John Steinbeck, and Eugene O'Neill dealt with the social and political issues of the time in
their literary works.
1939 marked the beginning of the Contemporary Period of American Literature. This period includes
an abundance of important American literary figures spanning from World War II into the New
Millenium. These writers include, but are not limited to, Eudora Welty, John Updike, Kurt Vonnegut,
Sylvia Plath, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Ralph Ellison, Gwendolyn Brooks, Zora Neal Hurston,
Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, and Maya Angelou.
During the 1950s, a vigorous anti-establishment, and anti-traditional literary movement emerged. The
main writers of this movement, Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, are called Beat Writers. Much
writing of the 1960s and 1970s, referred to as Counterculture Writing, continued the literary ideals of
the Beat Movement, but in a more exteme and fevered manner.
Currently, the contemporary American literary scene is crowded and varied. With the passage of time the
Contemporary Period may be reorganized and/or expanded. In the future will writers such as Anne Rice,
John Grisham, or Amy Tan be included in the canon of American Literatur e? We will just have to wait
and see.
